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• Detergent Composition and Synthesis
  Detergents can contain components like alkylbenzene sulfonates and phosphates. Research has explored the synthesis of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and the effect of adding sodium tripolyphosphate and varying pH to enhance detergency (Briyanto et al., 2010).

• Environmental Impact and Waste Management
  Detergents are widely used for domestic laundry and other cleaning purposes. However, their use can lead to wastewater containing high concentrations of alkyl benzene sulphonate and phosphate, which are known as surface active agents and fillers in most detergents (Sugiharto, 2014).

• Water Pollution Detergent waste can significantly pollute water bodies. Studies have shown that water streams in rivers can be contaminated by surfactants and phosphates (Sugiharto, 2014). Domestic waste, including detergent residue, is a major pollutant entering Indonesian waters (Muhammad, 2022). The discharge of liquid waste into aquatic environments over time can cause environmental pollution (Muhammad, 2022).

• Impact on Agriculture Detergent waste can even affect agricultural land. Research has mapped the impact of detergent waste (specifically phosphate levels) on irrigated paddy fields in Indonesia, noting its effect on electrical conductivity and soil pH (Syahputra et al., 2022).

• Impact on Aquatic Life Detergents can also have adverse effects on aquatic organisms. A study investigated the impact of detergents on the egg hatchability, morphometry, and larval bone structure of a native Indonesian fish, Wader Pari (Abida et al., 2021).

• Waste Treatment and Minimization
  To mitigate these environmental concerns, various methods for treating detergent waste have been explored:

  • Photodegradation and Coagulation The removal of surfactants from laundry wastewater can be successfully carried out by photodegradation catalyzed by TiO2, while phosphate concentration can be decreased by coagulation (Sugiharto, 2014).

  • Zeolite Adsorption Research shows that zeolite can reduce the sulfur component in laundry waste soap water, with optimal absorption occurring at specific zeolite quantities and stirring times (Rosela et al., 2021).

  • Activated Carbon The use of activated carbon derived from bamboo has been investigated for pollutant removal in laundry liquid waste (Muhammad, 2022).

  • Cleaner Production There is a recognized need for cleaner production options to reduce industrial waste, including from industries that use or produce detergents (Sirait, 2018). Efforts are being made to promote awareness and implementation of cleaner production concepts to reduce hazardous chemicals and improve environmental performance (Pujotomo et al., 2018).

  • Recycling and Reuse There are initiatives focused on empowering household groups through the formation of home industries that produce floor cleaning soap from used cooking oil, contributing to waste reduction (Sumiati et al., 2019).

The prevalence of synthetic-based cleaners in daily household activities has raised concerns due to their negative effects on both user health and the surrounding environment, particularly with ABS-based detergents (Arwati et al., 2020).